Organization Performance Essay -- Business, The Roles of Managers

Organisational Performance. The term organisation performance relates to the past, present and future-projected performance of an organisation, thus, the performance of an organisation comprises the actual output measured against the intended outputs (Goals and Objectives). The role of managers is to ensure that the performance of the organisation is aligned with attaining the goals and objectives of the organisation, by taking necessary steps to ensure that the work (outputs) of an organisation are also aligned with the overall objectives and goals. Organisation Managers’ sets and projects target that are designed or aim to achieving the objectives that are aligned with the mission of the organisations. This also acts as guidance to staffs, which provides the staffs the sense of direction of the organisation. The Performance targets are set/ compare against previous past performances achievement. In order for performance target to be attained, it must be realistic and achievable. Mann (2002) suggested that the key to long term success is having and communicating a clear vision, mission and strategy. Target setting must be specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and time bound with acronym; SMART. Performance indicators are tools device used by organisations to measure how well they are performing in relation to their goals and objectives, thus also provides understanding and indicator to organisations stakeholder on how organisation is in track with achieving its target. Acronym KPI; (key performance indicator) are represented in percentages, often used to express and numeric representation of the organisational performance, thus enables a comparison of attained targets and future target setting. Whilst KPI is an eff... ...alysis of this argument indicates that Strategy can also be derived form actions and reactions of everyone within the organisation. The role of Police environment managers and including the SPCP units’ managers’ primary role are to formulate and implement the predetermined force strategy. Individuality of each managers and external factors can influence the leadership style of individual managers. Organisational managers are individual with recognised authorities, authorized to formulate, delegate and implement existing strategy of an organisation, in order to achieve the objectives of the organisation, the Managers must be competent and motivated in their role, in order to motivate others. The managers of the SPCP units’ steers and direct the staffs within towards achieving the objectives of the Strathclyde Police force objectives of making communities safer. Organization Performance Essay -- Business, The Roles of Managers Organisational Performance. The term organisation performance relates to the past, present and future-projected performance of an organisation, thus, the performance of an organisation comprises the actual output measured against the intended outputs (Goals and Objectives). The role of managers is to ensure that the performance of the organisation is aligned with attaining the goals and objectives of the organisation, by taking necessary steps to ensure that the work (outputs) of an organisation are also aligned with the overall objectives and goals. Organisation Managers’ sets and projects target that are designed or aim to achieving the objectives that are aligned with the mission of the organisations. This also acts as guidance to staffs, which provides the staffs the sense of direction of the organisation. The Performance targets are set/ compare against previous past performances achievement. In order for performance target to be attained, it must be realistic and achievable. Mann (2002) suggested that the key to long term success is having and communicating a clear vision, mission and strategy. Target setting must be specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and time bound with acronym; SMART. Performance indicators are tools device used by organisations to measure how well they are performing in relation to their goals and objectives, thus also provides understanding and indicator to organisations stakeholder on how organisation is in track with achieving its target. Acronym KPI; (key performance indicator) are represented in percentages, often used to express and numeric representation of the organisational performance, thus enables a comparison of attained targets and future target setting. Whilst KPI is an eff... ...alysis of this argument indicates that Strategy can also be derived form actions and reactions of everyone within the organisation. The role of Police environment managers and including the SPCP units’ managers’ primary role are to formulate and implement the predetermined force strategy. Individuality of each managers and external factors can influence the leadership style of individual managers. Organisational managers are individual with recognised authorities, authorized to formulate, delegate and implement existing strategy of an organisation, in order to achieve the objectives of the organisation, the Managers must be competent and motivated in their role, in order to motivate others. The managers of the SPCP units’ steers and direct the staffs within towards achieving the objectives of the Strathclyde Police force objectives of making communities safer.

The Merchant of Venice Should be Studied in High Schools Essay

Since middle school, I have believed that all of Shakespeare’s works, similar to A Mid Summer Night’s Dream, were plays that one would read to hear a happy, entertaining story; but, it was not until this year, after reading The Merchant of Venice, that I recognized the darker, more sinister, side of Shakespeare’s plays. The Merchant of Venice supports the Jewish, anti-Semitic stereotype as the wicked character of Shylock is developed. Many individuals fear that it is improper to teach and discuss The Merchant of Venice in high school classrooms because of the negative way it presents Jews; however, I believe that it is important to read this controversial play in high schools because it enables students to learn anti-Semitic history and because reading Shakespeare’s works, due to their complexity, expands the literary mind of those who read it. It is so important for people to recognize how Jews were portrayed during Shakespeare’s life so that historic events such as the holocaust do not repeat themselves. Teachers who plan on presenting their students with The Merchant of Venice should also present them with articles explaining how Jews received their negative stereotype and explain to them that Jews are not as evil as Shylock. The play can still be useful as a high school reading experience only if taught correctly, in a manner that avoids Jews being insulted and non-Jews getting a completely flawed idea about Jews. Although comedic during the 16th century, The Merchant of Venice can no longer be viewed as a comedy in the 21st century due to the diversity of people and general acceptance of their cultures throughout the United States. Without proper instruction from teachers, non-Jewish students may begin to express h... ...ent in their society. In reading Shakespeare, minds of readers are expanded due to his use of Early Modern English and extensive vocabulary. Shakespeare’s works also provide readers with great entertainment whose portrayal of the human condition transcends the generations. The Merchant of Venice contains many witty lines and sub-plots. â€Å"Prejudice feeds on ignorance† (Leggatt 215). If teachers do not teach their students the origin of such stereotypes, then they are developing ignorant students who will forever believe that Jews are incarnations of the devil. Considering the Jewish Stereotype that is supported and developed in Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice, the play is, indeed, still useful as a high school reading experience because, due to its sensitive topics, assists in eliminating innocence and creates a more discerning eye for world issues in students.

Oil and Gas Accounting Essay

If operation is conducted under Lease or concession agreement, it is unlikely that the contract would contain provisions that would permit cost recovery of these costs If the operation is conducted under a psc or risk service agreement, the contractor may be permitted to recover G&G related expenditures incurred after license acquisition and possibly G&G costs incurred before license acquisition Support equipment and facilities Cost of acquiring support equipment and facilities should be capitalized Any related depreciation or operating costs become an exploration, development or production cost, as appropriate. Entries: Db G&G expense –depreciation Cr Accumulated Depreciation Db G&G expense-operating costs Cr Cash Reprocessing Seismic How to account for cost of re-evaluation or reprocessing of the data? If the reprocessing relates to the search for oil then it should be accounted for according to SE provisions regarding prospecting and nondrilling exploration costs. If the purpose is to determine how best to develop the reserves in the field, then they should be capitalized as development costs. License acquisition costs Costs of evaluating business environment, signature bonus, negotiating, etc should be capitalized Entry: Db Intangible assets-unproved property Cr Cash Development and production bonuses If the payment is actually a deferred signing bonus, the appropriate accounting treatment is to capitalize the development bonus as a license acquisition cost. Accrue once the operations are apparently proceeding to the development phase. Entries: To record signature bonus: Db Intangible Assets – unproved property Cr Cash To transfer unproved property costs to proved due to commercial discovery: Db Proved property Cr unproved property To record accrual of production bonus: Proved property Cr production bonus payable To record payment of production bonus: Db Production bonus payable Cr Cash Internal costs relating to acquisition Can allocate capitalized costs to individual licenses acquired, on an acreage basis or an a potential licenses basis Costs of carrying and retaining unproved properties Costs relating to maintaining unproved properties be charged to expense as incurred Ex: delay rentals paid on lease mineral properties until specified work is commenced, property taxes, accounting costs, legal costs Impairment of unproved property Impairment has occurred if there is some indication that the capitalized cost of an unproved property is greater than the future economic benefits expected to be derived from the property. Under SE, loss should be realized. Negative G&G data and dry holes would typically suggest that part of the property’s historical cost has expired and impairment should be recognized Db Impairment expense Cr Allowance for impairment FASB permits impairment of individually insignificant properties on a group basis. Apply the impairment percentage to the total cost of the group of individually insignificant unproved properties. This determines the desired balance in the allowance for impairment account. Next the difference between the current balance and the desired balance is recognized as impairment expense. Entry: Impairment Expense Cr Allowance for impairment, group basis Abandonment of unproved property Full abandonment: When an individually significant license area is abandoned, its net capitalized acquisition costs should be charged to surrender and abandonment expense Ex: Db Surrender and abandonment expense (equal to acquisition cost) Db Allowance for impairment (balance) Cr unproved property Partial Abandonment or Relinquishments If the partial abandonment reflects a diminishment in the company’s assessment of the future economic benefit of the property, then the entire  property should be assessed for additional impairment. Unproved property classification An unproved property should be reclassified to a proved property status if and when commercial reserves are discovered on the property. Ex: Db Tangible Assets- proved property (acquisition costs) Db Impairment Allowance (balance) Cr In tangible assets- unproved property Sales of unproved property If the property was individually significant, a gain or loss should be recognized on the sale. Ex: Db Cash (sale price) Db allowance for impairment (balance) Db/Cr(gain or loss) Cr unproved property If the property was individually insignificant, a gain should be recognized only if the selling price exceeds the original cost of the property. Loss recognition is not allowed. CHAPTER 5 Accounting for Exploratory Drilling and Appraisal Costs Under SE, general nondrilling exploratory costs are to be charged to expense as incurred; exploratory drilling type costs are initially capitalized. Exploratory Well- well drilled to find and produce oil or gas in an unproved area to find a new reservoir in a another reservoir or to extend a known reservoir. Stratigraphic test well- drilling effort to obtain information pertaining to a specific geological condition. â€Å"Exploratory type† if drilled in a proved area, â€Å"development type† if drilled in a proved area. Exploration well- well drilled to discover whether oil or gas exists in a previously unproved geological structure Appraisal well- well drill to determine the size, characteristics, and commercial potential of a reservoir by digging an exploratory well. Classifying Drilling costs Separate intangible drilling costs (IDC) from equipment costs. IDC deducted in year incurred for US tax law. Equipment costs may be depreciated over 7-10 years. Besides tax purposes, distinction has no significance Targeted Depth When evaluating after drilling : if commercial reserves have been discovered, the drilling in progress account balances are transferred to another type of  asset account that will be subject to depreciation The first successful exploratory well’s cost will be reclassified from an unproved to a proved property account If well is unsuccessful, plug and abandon hole and charges these costs to dry hole expense, net any equipment salvaged from well. If the license area is also relinquished, the net carrying value must be written off. Capitalized G&G SE- G&G costs are to be charged to expense as incurred. Current methods may capitalize 3D and 4D seismic methods used to determine drill sites. Time Limit on exploration and evaluation or appraisal costs In order for cost to be capitalized in SE, there must be identifiable future benefit. IF an exploratory wwell has found oil reserves in an area requiring major capital expenditure to be classified as proved. In this case, the cost of drilling the exploratory well shall continue to be carried as an asset as long as 1. The well has found a sufficient quantity of reserves to justify its completion and 2. Drilling of the additional wells is under way or planned for the near future All other wells, sshall not be carried as an asset for more than one year following completion of drilling Post-balance Sheet Period GAAP provisions that relate to information about conditions that existed at the balance sheet date or that became known after the end of the period but before the financial statements are issued. If well is determined dry, capitalized costs are written off to dry hole expense If commercial reserves are found, the capitalized drilling costs are transferred to the wells and equipment accounts All the capitalized costs of an exploratory well are typically reclassified as dry hole expense or as wells and related equipment Cost approval, budget and monitoring AFE- Authorization for expenditure CHAPTER 6 Drilling And Development Costs- US SE Development costs- costs incurred to obtain access to proved reserves and to  provide facilities for extracting, treating, gathering and storing the oil and gas. More specifically, development costs, including depreciation and applicable operating costs of support equipment and facilities and other costs incurred to: Gain access to and prepare well locations for drilling, including surveying, draining, road building, etc Drill and equip developmental wells, including costs of platforms Acquire, construct and install production facilities such as lease flow lines, separators, etc Provide improved recovery systems Development well- well drilled within the proved area of an oil or gas reservoir to the depth of a stratigraphic horizon known to be productive Service well- completed for the purpose of supporting production in an existing field. Development type stratigraphic well- stratigraphic test well drilled in a proved area Capitalization of Development-Related G&G Exploration Costs Requires capitalization of G&G in development activities. Unless it is performed on a development land area but to an unknown structure- expensed. If 3d seismic is being used to study the reservoir and perhaps where addition development wells should be drilled, theoretically the cost should be capitalized to the field as development cost. Overhead As a general rule, all G&A is expensed, however where the company has a defined method for allocation is permitted to capitalize these costs as part of development Capitalization of Depreciation of Equip and Facilities Depending on nature, costs can be expensed or capitalized Capitalization of Financing Costs â€Å"Capitalization of Interest† requires that a portion of interest costs incurred during the construction phase of assets should be capitalized as a part of the cost of the self-constructed asset. Interest capitalization only applies to qualifying assets: 1. Assets that are constructed or otherwise produced for an enterprise’s own use 2. Assets intended for sale or lease that are constructed or otherwise produced as discrete projects (ships or real estate developments) Amount to interest to capitalize- the portion of  interest costs incurred during the period when the asset is being constructed that could have been avoided if the spending on the asset had not been made. Capitalization period shall begin when 3 conditions are met: Expenditures for asset have been made Activities that are necessary to get the asset ready for its intended use are in progress Interest cost is being incurred Once production begins- depreciate capitalized costs Sole Risk or Carried Interests If an asset requires a period of time in which to carry out the activities necessary to bring it to that condition and location, the interest cost incurred during that period as a result of expenditures for the asset is a part of the historical cost of acquiring the asset. â€Å" CHAPTER 9 Production Costs Costs of labor to operate the wells and related equipment and facilities Repairs and maintenance Materials, supplies, and fuel consumed and services utilized in operating the wells and related equipment and facilities Property taxes and insurance applicable to proved properties and wells and related equipment and facilities Severance taxes Depreciation, depletion and amortization Accounting for Production Costs All costs relating to production activities, including workover costs incurred solely to maintain or increase levels of production from an existing completion interval, shall be charged to expense as incurred. An expenditure that enhances original performance of the well should be capitalized Materials and supplies- capitalize if used in drilling or development. If used in repair or maintenance, they should be expensed. Recompletions- typically involve entering an existing well and deepening or plugging back in order to achieve production in a new formation or a zone in an existing formation. In a currently or previously producing formation or zone should be treated as an expense since the purpose is to restore  production without an increase in commercial reserves If the objective is to develop reserves in a new formation or find new reserves, the activity would be new drilling. (drilling costs could be exploratory or development rather than production) Costs should then be capita lized or expensed depending on SE or FC and on outcome of drilling Taxes (severance or production) should be expensed as production costs Crude Oil Production 1 Barrel = 42 gallons of oil at 60 degrees F API gravity (measure of density) of oil = the higher, the lighter the oil All crude contains BS&W- basic sediments and water Disposition: outright sales, direct supply, indirect supply, exchanges, fraccers, or oil used in operations Gas measurement Measurement in mcf is affected by temperature., pressure, compressibility, gravity etc Standard pressure is 14.73 pounds per square inch at 60 degrees Fahrenheit Pre Acquisition Acquisition Exploratory Development Production List the four Oil & Gas Agreements used on a worldwide basis and describe each one. 1. US Domestic lease agreement- an oil and gas lease grants to the oil and gas company the right and obligation to operate a property. This includes the right to explore for, develop and produce oil and gas from the property and also obligates the company to pay all costs. (Company is a working interest owner). All costs, all risk. Payment of a signature bonus to mineral rights owner or a royalty. 2. Concession agreement- encountered in operations outside the united states where the mineral rights owner is the local government. Sometimes the government is involved with a joint working interest. Payment of a bonus by the oil company to the government at the time the contract is signed. Payment of a royalty to the government. Responsible for paying all of the costs incurred in developing. 3. Risk service agreement- oil companies erform workovers aimed at restoring or stimulating production including application of current technology to currently producing fields. Bonus to national government at contract signing. Government retains ownership of reserve. Oil company incurs all costs and risks. Operating and capital costs incurred are recovered through payment of operating and capital fees. Government may participate in  operations as a working interest owner. 4. Production Sharing contracts- companies obtain the rights from the government to explore for, develop and produce oil and gas. Company pays bonus to national government at contract date. Pays royalties to government. Government maintains ownership of reserves. Companies incur all risk and costs. Company required to spend a predetermined amount of money, which is recoverable from future production. 2.) Describe the life cycle (Phases) of an Oil & Gas Project. Include the Accounting Treatment (ie. Successful Efforts or Full Cost Pool) for each phase. 1. Pre-license prospecting- geological evaluation of relatively large areas before acquisition of petroleum rights. Analyzing G&G data. Successful Efforts (SE) Method The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) has issued FASB Statement No. 19 dealing with the successful efforts method. Under the SE method, costs incurred in searching for, acquiring, and developing oil and gas reserves are capitalized if they directly result in producing reserves. Costs which are attributable to activities that do not result in finding, acquiring, or developing specific reserves are charged to expense. The cost center for the SE method is a lease, field, or reservoir. The various types of costs are treated under the SE method as follows: 1. Acquisition Costs: They are capitalized to unproven property until proved reserves are found or until the property is abandoned or impaired (a partial abandonment). If adequate reserves are discovered, the property is reclassified from unproven property to proven property. For tax purposes, acquisition costs are handled the same way except the cost cannot be partially written off as an impairment expense. The property must be abandoned before any cost may be written off. 2. Exploration Costs: They are recorded in two different ways, depending upon the type of costs incurred. a. Nondrilling Costs: Examples of these type of costs are geological and geophysical (G & G) costs, costs of carrying and retaining undeveloped properties, and dry hole and bottom hole contributions. These types of costs  are expensed as they are incurred. For tax purposes, nondrilling costs are capitalized to the applicable property. b. Drilling Costs: They are treated differently depending on whether the well drilled is classified as an exploratory well or a developmental well. An exploratory well is a well drilled in an unproven area. A developmental well is a well drilled to produce from a proven reservoir. 1) If an exploratory well is a dry hole, the costs incurred in drilling the well are expensed. If the exploratory well is successful, the costs incurred in drilling the well are capitalized to wells and related equipment and facilities. 2) The costs incurred in drilling developmental wells are capitalized to related equipment and facilities even if a dry hole is drilled. The costs associated with tangible well equipment and facilities are capitalized, regardless of the type of well drilled. For tax purposes, certain costs associated with such equipment are eligible for treatment as deductible IDC. Tax depreciation methods usually allow for a more accelerated rate of depreciation than book or financial depreciation. Also, book depreciation will be computed on 1-10the developmental dry holes and IDC which are capitalized for book purposes but expensed for tax purposes. Therefore, an M-1 adjustment will be required on the difference between the amount of book and tax depreciation. 3. Production Costs: These costs are expensed as incurred, which is the same treatment used for tax purposes. It should be noted, however, that many taxpayers erroneously expense overhead attributable to either acquisition or exploration activities as production costs. Overhead attributable to acquisition and exploration costs must be capitalized. 4. Depletion: This usually requires an M-1 adjustment. Although the cost depletion formula is the same for book and tax purposes, the amount for the basis used in the computation of cost depletion will vary due to the difference in capitalization. In addition, many taxpayers will be allowed to use a larger  percentage depletion deduction Full Cost Method Under the FC method, all costs incurred in exploring, acquiring, and developing oil and gas reserves in a cost center are capitalized. Geological and geophysical (G & G) studies, successful and unsuccessful, are capitalized for book and financial purposes. For tax purposes, successful G & G costs are capitalized and unsuccessful G & G costs are expensed. An M-1 adjustment is required for the amount of unsuccessful G & G costs expensed. Delay rental costs are capitalized for book and financial purposes. Exploratory dry hole costs are capitalized for book and financial purposes. For tax purposes, all dry hole costs (exploratory or developmental) are capitalized unless the taxpayer elects to expense them. Since most taxpayers expense these costs for tax purposes, an M-1 adjustment is required. Impaired or abandoned property costs remain capitalized in the cost center for book and financial purposes. For tax purposes, no deduction is allowed unless a property is totally worthless. An M-1 adjustment is required only when an abandonment is claimed for tax purposes. General and administrative costs which are not associated with acquisition, exploration, and development activities are expensed. However, overhead that can be associated with acquisition, exploration, and development activities is capitalized. The costs are handled the same way for tax purposes. Depletion usually will require an M-1 adjustment. In many instances, taxpayers may be able to claim a larger percentage depletion deduction in lieu of cost depletion. Even where cost depletion is claimed for book and financial purposes because of the different capitalization rules, the amount of cost depletion allowable will vary.

Chicken a La Carte Reaction

Reaction on Chicken A La Carte by Ferdinand DimaduraGuide questions:What affected you? Why?What are your realizations?What does it tell you as a student of Biology?What affected me was seeing how the less fortunate were so easily satisfied and happy with just having leftover food. The children could not wait to get their hands on the food brought by one man from their community. Seeing how they happily yet hungrily feasted on the chicken pieces that other people had already consumed made me want to wish I could go to them and be able to give them proper food.Being part of the better-heeled sector of the society, we easily get what we want. We have food on our tables everyday, three times a day. We have proper shelter and proper clothing. Our needs are well provided for, even greater than that of what is necessary yet we take them for granted. The scene wherein the family said grace before partaking of the leftover that their father brought home for them really touched my heart. The t hings that we most often take for granted is seen by others as a blessing. We demand a lot of things but it never crossed our minds that there are those who wish they had what we have.Have we even thanked the Lord for the things, how little it may be that he has given us? I am not sure what the short film should tell me as a Biology student, aside from that I am required to watch it and make a paper about it because it is a requirement in the ETAR class that is part of the curriculum. However, being a student in itself and being a part of a society where the situation showed is held true, part of the realizations it brought to me was that I can do something to make the situation better.I could start by being part of an outreach program that provides food, education, etc. It does not matter whether what I do may be big or small, whether I get recognition for it or not. What is important is that I am able to impart something in their lives and share the blessings that I have. I can on ly hope that my fellow students (and others who were able to watch the film) may also realize what I have realized and may also act upon their realizations. We are a part of a humanity that needs hope and healing and being as simple as a student is not a limitation to achieve it.

Which Contribute to Low Health Expectancy in Developed Countries

Outline the factors which contribute to low health expectancy in developed countries. Identify and assess possible solutions to reduce this problem. Health expectancy is â€Å"the number of years a person can expect to live in good health†. (New Zealand Ministry of Social Development, 2010). It reflects concern about the quality of life. Furthermore, low health expectancy means that people live in poor health which is affected by diseases and disability. Many factors contribute to low health expectancy, including smoking and obesity.Society should pay more attention to solve these problems to increase health expectancy. This essay will outline the factors which lead to low health expectancy, and then discuss the possible solutions to reduce the problem. First of all, it is obviously smoking is a factor leading to low health expectancy which is very common in developed countries. To begin with, smoking prevalence in European countries is 32% which is an extremely high number (W HO, 2012). In addition, there are some diseases caused by smoking is a well-known fact, such as lung disease and stroke.However, people aren’t aware that how serious it is the smoking problem affect to people’s health. In fact, WHO (2008, p. 14) points out â€Å"smoked tobacco in any form causes up to 90% of all lung cancers,† and a dozen different kinds of cancer and chronic disease are caused by smoking. To sum up briefly, smoking has a very serious impact on people’s health and life in developed countries. Then, this problem could be solved by reducing smoking prevalence and improving people’s awareness of the risk of smoking.The solutions will focus on three aspects which are individual, tobacco industry and the government. Firstly, the solution for individual is quit smoking. Quit smoking is the direct effective way for smokers to increase health expectancy. According to WHO (2012), there are three-quarters of smokers want to quit smoking. How ever it is clearly that the number who quit smoking successfully is far below this data, the main reason for the failure is smokers are addicted to nicotine. The nicotine in tobacco is not only causing a variety of diseases but also leading a highly addictive (Hammond, 2009. . Secondly, the solution for the tobacco industry, they could do the appropriate measures such as add health warnings on tobacco packages, health warnings on tobacco packages increase smokers’ awareness of their risk (WHO, 2008, p. 34). But unfortunately, the tobacco industry would not be willing to do it unless the policy requires them to do so. However, the relevant policies in many developed countries are lacking. So if the national laws and regulations force the tobacco industry to do it then the solution would be more effective.Thirdly, the solutions for government, the government should ban on tobacco advertising and raise tobacco taxes. WHO (2008, p. 37) states that if the government ban on tobacco advertising that the tobacco sales will have up to 16% decrease. In addition, increase tobacco taxes could raise the price of tobacco. According to WHO (2008, p. 39) that â€Å"increasing the price of tobacco through higher taxes is the single most effective way to decrease consumption and encourage tobacco users to quit†. In conclusion, the smoking problem will be solved by joint efforts of the whole community.Apart from that, another important factor which decreases people’s health expectancy is obesity. WHO (2012) states that obesity will become a major factor lead to lower health expectancy in the later parts of this century. Moreover, in developed countries obesity is a very severe problem that affects over 20% of adults on average (OECD, 2011). Furthermore, according to WHO (2012), obesity is the main reason which causes cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and several types of cancer. That means overweight people are expected to have a low health expectancy.To so lve the problem of obesity, the solution could be considered from three aspects. The first aspect is at the individual level, people should reduce the energy intake from total fats and take regular physical activity to prevent overweight, because obesity is caused by high-energy food intake and lack of physical activity (WHO, 2012). But obviously, this need people have a strong self-control, also diet and excessive exercise may be able to cause the other health problems. The second aspect is about the food industry, the main source of the high-energy food is processed food.Therefore the food industry should reduce the content fat, sugar and salt in processed food, and try their best to provide fresh food, such as fruit, vegetables and nuts. However, the more healthy food will bring about higher prices, and then people will spend more money to improve the quality of their food. The third aspect is about the government and social organizations. The Government has a responsibility to h elp people to improve awareness of the prevention of obesity and to build more public exercise facilities. In terms of social organization, they should cooperate with the Government to implement the policy about obesity.For example, the advertising industry should increase the number of public service advertising about to improve people’s awareness of the risk of obesity? However, this will take a long time and a lot of money. To conclude, healthy expectancy is the indicator of the quality of life. This essay has discussed that health expectancy is reduced by negative factors including smoking and obesity. So it is necessary to analyse these factors, identify and assess the solutions from the aspects of individual, organization and the government to solve the problem, and then to improve people's health expectancy and the quality of people's lives.References Hammond, S. K. (2009). Global Patterns of Nicotine and Tobacco Consumption. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag New Zeal and Ministry of Social Development. (2010). Health expectancy. Retrieved October 17, 2012 From: http://socialreport. msd. govt. nz/health/health-expectancy. html OECD. (2012). Obesity update 2012. Retrieved October 17, 2012. From the OECD website: http://www. oecd. org/els/healthpoliciesanddata/49716427. pdf WHO. (2012). Facts and figures. Retrieved October 17, 2012. From: http://www. euro. ho. int/en/what-we-do/health-topics/disease-prevention/tobacco/facts-and-figures. WHO. (2012). Obesity. Retrieved October 21, 2012. From: http://www. euro. who. int/en/what-we-do/health-topics/noncommunicable-diseases/obesity WHO. (2012). Obesity and overweight. Retrieved October 21, 2012 From the World Health Organization: http://www. who. int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/ WHO. (2008). WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2008: The MPOWER package. [Electronic version]. Geneva: World Health organization.

Trends in the Global Emergence of Islamic Banking and Finance Essay

Trends in the Global Emergence of Islamic Banking and Finance Practices - Essay Example Global reach – First and foremost, the major trend in Islamic finance is geographical. There is a strong outward push of Islamic banks from predominantly Muslim regions to the Western world dominated by conventional institutions. For instance, in October 2003 the Bahrain Monetary Agency announced the move of Citi Islamic Bank and parent Citigroup to arrange a $250 million Sukuk (Islamic bond) issue for investors outside the Gulf. Nearly all the major international banks have set up Islamic-finance subsidiaries or units, such as Amanah by HSBC, Noriba by UBS, and so forth. Furthermore, in 2000 the Dow Jones established stockmarket indices tailored to Shari’a-compliant companies. Probably what has spurred the faster growth of Islamic banking is that Western institutions have themselves driven the development and acceptance of Shari’a banking products and services (Economist, 2003; Martin, 2005; Roane, 2007). Engineering of new finance modes – Initially, only Murabaha existed as the only mode of finance, mainly to finance imports and domestic trade, and ultimately giving rise to the momentum of establishing commercial Islamic banks. Later other instruments were devised, such as Ijarah for the purchase orderer and Salam to finance agriculture and light industries. Today, financial engineering is on the forefront of many financial institutions’ Islamic desks, in order to come up with Shari’ah based instruments that parallel conventional ones and which cater to the needs of not only Muslim but also non-Muslim institutions and individuals (Kahf, 2002). An example is the launching by Sharia Funds, an American institution, of the first hedge fund that was compliant with the Koran in December 2003 (Economist, 2004). Adoption of a uniquely Islamic audit culture and framework - One of the most critical areas where new practices may or have begun to evolve is in the field of accounting. Accounting practice and â€Å"audit cultures† are formed around conventional finance where interest is recognized as a necessary component of debt. With the growing acceptance and importance of Islamic banking conventions, there is a need for a rethinking of critical accounts (Maurer, 2002) and their definitions in accounting and auditing. Presently, the financial reportorial systems are highly attuned to the conventional methods of finance particularly in the treatment of liabilities and interest, and its view of risky assets. A new auditing system will need to evolve to address the special treatment of riba (interest) and gharar (risk) in the reporting of financial activities of institutions in the context of Islamic banking and finance. Adoption of a Shari’ah based legal framework – A major development in the adoption of Islamic finance and a certain sign of its widespread adoption is the move towards the establishment of a dispute resolution system that pursues a distinctively Islamic legal framework. Until recently, Islamic B&F disputes in developed countries sought recourse in the conventional courts which are not equipped to handle the special knowledge in shari’ah law which is required in adjudicating shari’ah compliant financial contracts and practices. For this reason, practitioners and scholars in Islamic law have begun exploring Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) what would be recognized under this legal framework. For a legal system to be set up to address these cases is

Beach Rental Case study Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Beach Rental Case study - Assignment Example That will ensure that they have good accommodation and a good environment in which the students can be working from. The efficiency of the company can be done by measuring of the efficiency of workers in the company. The measurement of performance by employees is a critical thing for ensuring that there is success in the running of a business organization. The measurement of performance is done so as to ensure that the employees of a company provide value for the money that they earn. Performance may be measured by the number of hours worked or by the quality of work done or the output that accrues from an individual or group of employees. The report will give details of a number of performance measurement metrics that may be used by the Company. Performance measurement metrics The measurement of the performance of employees is a thing that is advantageous to the company. Performance measurement usually ensures that there is equitable distribution of incentives. The performance measu rement also ensures that there is increase in efficiency and productivity in the company. A performance metric that is effective should ensure that there is a gauge that is accurate and one that would ensure that the employees are valued according to their performance and output in the company. Productivity metrics One of the components of measuring the performance of a company or business is by the use of productivity. Productivity metrics usually measures the amount of work done by an employee within a specified time period. Employees usually have a different learning curve. That means that new employees would be less productive as compared to old and experienced employees. In a manufacturing company, productivity can be measured by the total output of an individual in a specified time period. In a sales department, productivity is usually measured by the total sales made by a single employee. Efficiency metrics Efficiency can be described as an attempt to increase on productivity by utilizing minimum resource or by the use of the most cost-effective method. Efficiency usually deals on cutting on time of production and the costs that are incurred during production. That can be done by the company introducing processes that are efficiency and using quality raw materials that are cheap so as to ensure that there is cost cutting. Training metrics Training among employees usually increase on the performance or productivity of employees. The training of employees would ensure that the employees use the most cost effective working processes. The training efforts should be quantified so as to measure the level of productivity that accrues from the training of employees. Goal setting The use of performance review systems that are collaborative usually ensure that supervisors and their juniors are able to set their own personal goals that should be achieved so as to increase the efficiency of the company or business. That can be termed as management by the use of obj ectives and that can be done so as to individually measure the performance of an employee. The employees of the company should undergo training so as to ensure that they are efficient enough in the execution of their roles in the business. Design process Analysis The first process that is involved in designing the training is analysis. The objectives and goals have to be analyzed so as to be able to develop the